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Let's Learn Everything!

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  • 97: Sneezing & Parable MythBusters
    What, when, where, why, and how... do we sneeze? There's a surprising amount of mystery to the thing we do all the time, and a lot to learn about! And how many parables and metaphors that we use are actually true? Let's actually dig in to the research and bust some myths!! I mean... break some... falsehoods!!Images we Talk About:The Rat DiagramCaseidsDiplodocus BonesPlane DiagramMoai WalkingTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:03:26) Sneezing(00:57:55) Parable Mythbusters(01:43:59) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Caroline was inspired by being sick,  theories of sneezing, sneezing in the odyssey, Aristotle said burping and farting are not divine, 25 sextillion molecules in every breath, it’s a wonder we’re not sneezing all the time, sneezing only goes to your brain stem, a sneeze can send particles 8 meters, what ion channel? last year we made sneezless mice, le petite mort and le petit orgasm, the incredible mid-sneeze mouse diagram, we’re gonna talk about - ghoooosts, A.C.H.O.O or the photic sneeze reflex, our explanations for sneezing reflect our understanding of science at the time, snatiation, S.N.A.T.I.A.T.I.O.N, sneezing from getting horny, pee chills, a sneeze is just a more obvious indicator that wires get crossed, diagnostic sneeze testing, finding the first sneezing animal, the earliest diaphgram, chickens sneeze, African wild dogs voting by sneeze, dolphins chuffing, bugs aren’t part of the sneeze club, unlike the mythbusters we won’t be blowing up cars, okay maybe a few, if you put a frog into boiling water it won’t jump out it will die, boiling frogs in search of the soul, the climate change metaphor works for brain dead leaders, the survivorship bias meme plane, the image is fictitious but Abraham Wald is even cooler, America’s Bletchley - The Statistical Research Group, some people believe the heads had bodies, oh my god they did, the walking Moai, the deforestation happened before the people, invasive rats without a natural predator, pretending we’re surprised about colonialism being the culprit, we didn’t need to do carbon dating to find some of these answers guys.Sources:1990 Paper: The History of Sneezing2013 Paper: The Omen of Sneezing2009 Paper: Sneeze reflex: Facts and fictionSmithsonian: Why Do We Sneeze?National Geographic: The Air You Breathe Is Full of SurprisesWiki: Sneeze2025 Paper: The Sneeze Reflex in Physiological and Pathological states: a mini review2024 Paper: Mouse Sneezing StudyNature: Cough or sneeze? How the brain knows what to unleashScientific American: Looking at the Sun Can Trigger a Sneeze2010 Paper: When the Sun Prickles Your Nose: An EEG Study Identifying Neural Bases of Photic SneezingScienceLine: Why Do People Sneeze When They Look at the Sun?OMIM: Gastric Sneezing2009 Paper: Arousal and Sneezing2017 Article: An Ancient Origin for the Diaphragm2022 Paper: Lung Evolution in Vertebrates and the Water-to-Land TransitionNational Geographic: Animal SneezingNational Geographic: African Wild Dogs Vote by SneezeOceanbites: Sneeze, Cough, Chuff: Respiratory Irritation in DolphinsNatural History Museum: HagfishesSmithsonian: 14 Fun Facts About HagfishSci-Show- Aquatic Sneezing2022 Paper: Sponges Sneeze2022 Paper: Dinosaur SicknessNational Geographic: First Dinosaur Found with a Respiratory Disease---Atlantic on The Boiling FrogKnow Your Meme: Survivorship Bias PlaneCameron Moll Blog Post about Original DrawingAbraham Wald's Plane Statistic MemorandumTerry Hunt's Incredible "Rethinking the Fall of Easter Island"The Walking Moai Paper
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  • 96: Fossoriality & Movie Censorship
    How have animals adapted to the digging lifestyle, and can that help us explain the Devil's Corkscrew? And what are the various ways movies can be censored across the world, and what does that tell us about the world itself?Images we Talk About:The Devil's CorkscrewMole Skeleton ComparisonMole Digging VideoMonitor Lizard BurrowMonitor Lizard BurrowsTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:02:30) Fossoriality(00:52:58) Movie Censorship(01:36:53) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Daemonelix or the Devil’s Corkscrew, well Tom I hope one of your facts beats Ella’s giant sloth fact, only nerds know the word fossorial, why dig is easy - how dig is harder, mole skeletons are hyper specialized, moles are herd to catch and keep, I dig holes for me, is that couscous? the silica gel of pasta, x-ray videos of moles digging in couscous, devil’s corkscrew deja vu, first and deepest lizard burough, one of the most stable egg environments for an 8 month incubation, it turns out helixes are more common than we thought, Put! Lizards! In! Couscous! Peter Jackson’s braindead, video nastys, wow blaming media for crime we’ve never heard that before, video nastys were an easy ban because politicans didnt care about them, a microcosm of the moral panics of the time, the military entertainment complex, the US doesn’t have any outright movie bans… but they do have the hayes code, self censorship, no picture show lower the moral standard of those who see it, the commercial influence on self censorship, charlie shackleton’s paint drying film, poilitical movie bans reflect real alliances and tensions, denmark’s only ever banned the disney skeleton dance, Denmark’s freedom of speech is what the US thinks it is, don’t be mean to the military uwu, only 34 foreign films can be shown in china every year, the censorship is coming from inside the house, a Bohemian Rhapsody without mention of sexuality, Tilda Swinton played an asian character to get around mentioning Tibet, World War Z was changed even though it never aired in China, why are you making me defend these bad movies, censorship is as strong as the weakest link in the chain that’s profitable, “it’s all just crazy and some food for thought, thank youuu”Sources:NPCA on the Devil's CorkscrewSmithsonian Mag Devil's CorkscrewMole Forlimb MorphologyMole Senses PaperFossorial Ventilatory ResponseMole Rat Lung Comparison PaperNWF Mole FactsNYTimes Mole MotionYi Fen Lin Mole Walking PaperYi Fen Lin Mole Burrowing PaperDeep Nesting in a Lizard: Deja Vu Devil's Corkscrew: First Helical Reptile Burrow and Deepest Vertebrate Nest.Helical Burrows Across the Animal Kingdom Paper---BBFC: Video NastiesWiki: Video NastyBFI: Unspooling the Video NastiesWiki: Film Censorship in the United StatesGuardian: Top Gun for HireWiki: List of films banned in the United StatesScreen Online: Hayes CodeVice: Why I’m Making British Film Censors Watch Paint DryWiki: Paint DryingWiki: List of Banned FilmsBBC: Cambodia Bans Thai MoviesBBC: Russia Bans Death of StalinReuters: Lightyear BannedWiki: The Skeleton DanceEBSCO: History of Censorship in DenmarkEnglish Translation of the Danish ConstitutionWiki: Denmark Motion Picture Content Rating SystemVariety: Foreign Titles Squeezed in China Film MarketHarvard: Disney censorship in ChinaPen: Made in Hollywood, Censored by Beijing
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  • 95: 🎂 Superheavy Elements 2, Craftivism 2, and Tom's List
    It's the podcast's birthday!! So Tom has a few ideas he wants to pitch to Caroline and Ella... but first! Ella and Caroline finally revisit the topics they promised! What are the WILD stories behind the race to discover new elements, and what are the real nuancy nuances of craftivism?Images we Talk About:William Morris' PrintTerrero's HankieHankie Given to TerreroMadres de Plaza de MayoPussyhatTom's GiftsTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:06:43) Superheavy Elements 2(01:17:58) Craftivism 2(02:01:28) Tom’s ListSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: How do we prove this is real, we pinky promise, a refresher in the form of a pop quiz, we didn’t make the elements - except for some we did make, is the gift plutonium? we never thought we’d have another element heavier - and then you happened! the quizkids element reveal, the increasing specificity of Stan’s Apartmentium, just keep adding and smashing its just math - really expensive math, the long island ice tea of nuclear materials is in the bomb, scraping new elements off the filters of flying through a mushroom cloud, the edge of the periodic table was a cold war battle field, the feuds of the transfermium wars, perhaps sodium seaborgate, while they were bickering over naming Germany discovered 5 new elements, it’s like a railgun you nerd, linear vs circular accelerators, it’s like hotwheels tracks, we could’ve designed this! “how can we differently smash this stuff?”, I’m hype about a filter, only Victor Ninov could run GOOSY, “the most audacious fraud in scientific history”, lying about discovering an element and then discovering it before people catch on to the lie, 3 elements wasn’t enough, Oganessian co discovered 14 elements - the most of anyone, I mean really we all co-discovered this topic, “we hit this wall of super heavy elements being bastards”, Goosy 2 Electric Goosyloo, you’re smashing billions of particles per second over months to hopefully get 1 atom, calcium beam of milk, the theoretical island of stability, superstable superheavy elements, disappointment on the horizon, domestic arts for political and social change, I sure wish someone had done research into this nuance, oh fuck that was supposed to be me! the arts and crafts movement was activism for crafts not crafts for activism, fucking up golf courses for women’s suffrage, some suffragettes didn’t want to include working class women, imprisoned women were given sewing needles to reform but they just made incredible protest art, Madres de Plaza de Mayo, a sense of solidarity through craft, lets tonally tokyo drift this episode baby, comparing and contrasting with the pussy hat, craft ins and yarn bombing, craftivism defies expectations and engages community, “appealing” activism, craftivism is a piece of the puzzle not the whole solution, it’s a useful tool in the toolkit, Hoisin Duck Wrap - Irn Bru - Yogurt, Tom gets a tattoo and regrets it, stopping by Tom Scott’s spinoff podcast show, Tom’s gifts, putting it to the test who’s the strongest cohost, the podcast can officially hop!Sources:Kit Chapman's "Super Heavy: Making and Breaking the Periodic Table"Ella's Superheavy Documentary---Britannica: Arts and Crafts MovementTextile Society of America: The benefits and pitfalls of craftivismMuseum of English Rural lift: Suffrage and the Sewing MachineAmerican Golfer 1912: The British Suffragettes Attack Golf CoursesTextile Society of America: The Political Stitch: Voicing Resistance in a Suffrage TextileThe Thread Blog: Historical Craftivism: From Suffragettes to Gandhi to ArgentinaThe Association of the Madres de Plaza de MayoLearning for Justice: Madres de Plaza de MayoV&A: The PussyhatThe Morning Crafter Blog: Craftivism: Empowerment, Resistance, and Activism Through HistoryBook: How To Be A Craftivist by Sarah Corbett2022 Paper: Negotiating the Art of Protest through Craftivism2017 Paper: KNIT + RESIST: placing the Pussyhat Project in the context of craft activism2018 Paper: Knitting Activism, Knitting Gender, Knitting RaceJ. Feliz: An Open Letter to the Craftivism MovementBBC: Police to get broader powers to restrict repeated protests
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  • 94: Paranormal Psychology & Defunct Halloween Traditions
    We know ghosts aren't real, but what is real is the way our brains make us imagine the creepy things that go bump in the night. What about our psychology makes it so easy to be spooked? And we've all heard of costumes and pumpkin carving, but what are the weirdest old Halloween traditions, and what can we take into our own traditions?Things we Talk About:Mooney FacesGames for HalloweenSnap Dragon Video 1Snap Dragon Video 2Caramel Pronunciation MapMischief Night MapCabbage Card 1Cabbage Card 2The Bobbing for Apples VideoTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:03:36) Paranormal Psychology(01:03:06) Defunct Halloween Traditions(01:36:21) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Skeleton Shattering Science Topic, anomalistic psychology is the science of ghost busting, NOT parapsychology, the first step to a ghost is someone who believe in ghosts, following the format of ghost hunting shows, spooky believers are often predisposed pattern recognizers, the Australian sheep goat scale, suggestion not priming, creepyness via agent detection, a haunted house is evolutionarily designed to be spooky to us, the scary feedback loop, no infrasound does not vibrate your eyeballs,  pattern recognizing apophenia, it’s a wonder humans aren’t scared all the time, it’s actually good we don’t consciously perceive every single thing, wait the static says subscribe to the podcast?? I think she’s saying her hips DO lie, the yeti, hiring a magician on halloween, Ella’s pattern recognizing brain can sense Tom’s bit voice, all the names Halloween goes by, Samhain was basically new years eve, Mary Blain’s Games for Halloween and her caveat, Silent Supper or Reverse Dinner, don’t play snap dragon, imagine risking third degree burns for a RAISIN, the heat map of words for the night before Halloween, mischief night or Halloweeneen, youth honor day, the worst boy police, did you pull a bisexual cabbage? why is everything so romantic?? silent supper seems cute until you’re sprinting over a fence and smashing a window, bobbing for apples is FERAL, our tradition of a spooky episode.Sources:2021 Paper- Super-natural fears2022 Paper- Believing is seeing: The link between paranormal beliefs and perceiving signal in noisePsychology Today: Why Some People See Ghosts But Others Never Do2018 Paper: The Australian sheep-goat scale: An evaluation of factor structure and convergent validityWiki- Australian Sheep-Goat Scale2003 Paper- An investigation into alleged ‘hauntings’1997 Paper- Context-Induced Paranormal Experiences: Support for Houran and Lange's Model of Haunting Phenomena2010 Paper- It's still bending: Verbal suggestion and alleged psychokinetic abilitySmithsonian Magazine- On the Science of Creepiness2016 Paper- On the nature of creepiness2022 Paper- Why Some People See, Hear, Or Feel “Ghosts”2020 Paper- Things That Go Bump in the Literature: An Environmental Appraisal of “Haunted Houses”2009 Paper- The “Haunt” project: An attempt to build a “haunted” room by manipulating complex electromagnetic fields and infrasoundBBC- The science behind seeing ghosts2022 Paper- Paranormal experiences, sensory-processing sensitivity, and the priming of pareidolia2014 Paper- Auditory PareidoliaMichael Nees Interview with The ConversationDigicult: Joe Banks: Rorschach Audio---Smithsonian Mag Halloween TraditionsMary E. Blain's Games for HalloweenMidwest Folklore: Silent SupperJournal of the Folklore Institute: Silent SupperAtlas Obscura: Silent SupperNYTimes Dialect QuizSmithsonian Mag: Mischief NightSmithsonian Mag: Old Halloween PranksAtlantic: Halloween Pranks and the Worst Boy PoliceRobert Burns Halloween PoemNJ.com Mischief NightNPR Apples & Halloween
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  • 93: Unsolved Math Problems & Video Game Controllers w/ Ellen Weatherford
    Wait... ELLA is doing a math topic?? Not only that but she finds the beauty in searching for answers among the toughest math problems. Then, friend of the show Ellen Weatherford takes us through a tour of video game controllers. My favorite is the- wait how did we end up talking about World War 2??Images we Talk About:Tesseract GifTennis for Two ControllersMagnavox OdysseyGame.comTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:03:05) Unsolved Math Problems(00:54:47) Video Game Controllers(01:46:42) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Today Caroline is played by Tom and Tom is played by Ellen, I’ll fall on the bad british accent sword for our guests, Ellen speed runs failing math, famous bad lawyer Fermat, I’m learning about math?? from Ella??? Ellen’s Last Theorem: lentil’s cure cancer, “mathematics like any science requires advancements and research and discovery”, basic math starts as early as mesopotamia, a brief history of mathematics, I gotta make math to describe this apple, math begets math, new ways to solve old problems, is this problem hard or will it take thousands of years to solve, the oldest unsolved math problem is 2000 years old, you’re scientifically wrong that all numbers are perfect, we know of 52 perfect numbers, merseene primes and perfect numbers, we don’t know if odd perfect numbers exist, Hilbert’s 23 unsolved math problems, it’s not the answers to the questions - its the tools built to solve them, new list just dropped - the millenium prize problems, the million dollar prize doesn’t account for inflation, the power of an interesting question, multidimensional play-doh, bumblebee - the tesseract! the poincare conjecture had only not been solved in the third dimension, perelman turns down the fields medal, they can offer a million cause if you solve it you’re only thinking about play-doh and 10 dimensions, is the mellenium prize problematic? eh, after researching a lot… the Riemann hypothesis actually probably won’t break cryptography, pure mathematics deserves the benefit of the doubt for its purpose, go forth with Ella’s blessing, new Ella loves math and libertarianism, I don’t know if the convergent evolution argument for controllers holds up in court, Ellen’s radical definition of a game, I don’t think the gate should be closed but don’t push me through it, the murky search for the first video game, Birdy the Brain - the Tic Tac Toe machine, controllers transmit human intention into a computer, some of the first controllers used dials, I was going to say the manhattan project as a joke, a brief and unexpected nuclear disarment detour, Higinbotham doesn’t like being remembered for tennis for two, Space War! the Magnavox Odyssey, some controllers were tabletop not handheld, Atari stole pong, the anatomy of a controller, stolen valor for logitech controllers piloting submarines, kids and parents learning to use controllers, Ella thought RT and RB meant top and bottom, rumble is purely for experience not input, the game.com had the first touch screen, a urinal controlled driving game, interviewing resident elderly expert Donna Jones.Sources:MacTutor: Pierre Fermat BiographyWiki: Fermat's Last TheoremMacTutor: History of MathematicsSimon Fraser University: A Brief History of MathematicsMedium:The Oldest Unsolved Problem in MathPillars Taylor University: Odd Perfect NumbersRoyal Society: David HilbertSimons Foundation: Hilbert’s ProblemsClay Institute: The Millennium Prize ProblemsNature News: Maths 'Nobel' Prize Declined By Russian recluseAnatoly Vershik: Thoughts on the Clay Millennium PrizesBBC In Our Time: The Poincare ConjectureMedium: The Poincaré Conjecture[BBC News: Russian Maths Genius Perelman Urged to Take $1m Prize](BBC News - Russian maths genius Perelman urged to take $1m prize)Clay Mathematics Institute: Riemann Hypothesis---Probably the Oldest Interactive Electronic Game - Jeremy Norman’s History of Information“Bertie the Brain Still Lives” - Popular Mechanics“Tennis for Two – A Pioneer in the Video Game Industry” - GameSpeak Mag“Who was Willy Higinbotham?” - Federation of American Scientists“Spacewar!” - Museum of Play“The Magnavox Odyssey: The Forgotten Pioneer of Gaming Consoles” - SlashgearBad Game Hall of Fame“Place to pee: new Belgian urinal-based video game” - Ars Technica“Sega Begins Sales of Urine-Powered 'Toylet' Videogame” - WiredPerifit Care, Original Kegel Exerciser
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Science communicators Ella Hubber, Tom Lum, and Caroline Roper learn about anything and everything interesting! Each episode they teach each other about a science topic, and learn about a miscellaneous topic. Whether it's bugs on drugs, temporal illusions, or fanfiction, there's so much out there, so let's learn everything! Join our Discord, email us, and follow us everywhere at www.LetsLearnEverything.com
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