The Strategy Skills Podcast: Strategy | Leadership | Critical Thinking | Problem-Solving

Julia Dhar, Managing Director at Boston Consulting Group and founder of the firm's Behavioral Science Lab, joins us to discuss why most organizational change efforts fail and what leaders can do differently. Drawing on behavioral science and her work advising major organizations, she explains why the challenge of change is rarely about strategy alone and more often about human behavior. 
Julia begins with a simple but powerful discipline used by many successful consultants: asking two questions repeatedly. First, "what is true about this situation?" and second, "what do I believe is true because of my perspective?" Confusing facts with assumptions is one of the most common causes of poor decisions, especially when leaders begin to treat their own expectations as evidence. 
The conversation explores why roughly seventy percent of organizational change efforts fail to reach their stated objectives. Julia explains that many leadership teams concentrate on defining the strategy but devote far less attention to the conditions required for people to adopt new behaviors. Successful organizations focus on the "how" of change: shaping incentives, clarifying expectations, and reinforcing specific behaviors that make a strategy real in daily work. 
Several practical insights emerge from the discussion:
Leaders often overestimate how comfortable employees are with change. In surveys, executives typically report feeling positive about change, while most employees feel neutral and a meaningful portion feel anxious. Recognizing this gap is the first step toward leading change effectively.
Emotions and incentives must be addressed together. People rarely adopt behaviors that conflict with their incentives, and fear or anxiety makes sustained change unlikely. Leaders who want durable change must create optimism about the future, give people agency in shaping how change unfolds, and offer clarity about expectations.
Behavior must be defined precisely. Broad goals such as "be more accountable" or "be more customer centric" are not actionable. Effective change requires specifying the exact behaviors expected and creating routines that make those behaviors repeatable.
Recognition plays a powerful role in shaping behavior. Leaders who identify and praise specific actions reinforce the habits they want to see more frequently, often at little cost and with lasting effect.
Organizations frequently underestimate the value of listening. Employees are usually willing to provide feedback, but they become disengaged when their input leads to no visible response. Closing the feedback loop—demonstrating that input leads to action—builds credibility and energy for change.
Julia also discusses the pressures executives face as organizations adopt new technologies such as artificial intelligence. Rather than framing the challenge as a threat to relevance, she argues that automation may free leaders to focus on neglected responsibilities, including understanding frontline work and strengthening human relationships across the organization. 
Throughout the discussion, she returns to a broader principle: effective strategy requires an equally disciplined approach to human behavior. Leaders who combine clear strategy with attention to emotions, incentives, habits, and feedback loops dramatically increase the likelihood that change will succeed.
Julia closes with a perspective that reflects both her research and her experience advising organizations around the world. In any team or company, every individual has the ability to "bring joy and inspire hope." That ability, combined with the belief that people and organizations remain capable of change, is often the most powerful force available to leaders.
Get Julia's book, How Change Really Works, here: https://tinyurl.com/2zb4p63d
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Dr. Majid Fotuhi, neurologist, neuroscientist, and adjunct professor at Johns Hopkins University, has spent decades studying how the brain ages and what determines whether cognitive performance declines or strengthens over time. In this discussion, he challenges one of the most widely accepted assumptions about aging: that deterioration of memory and thinking is inevitable. The evidence, he explains, points in a different direction. Cognitive health is strongly shaped by daily choices, and meaningful improvements can occur within weeks when those choices change. 
Fotuhi organizes the science of cognitive resilience around five pillars: exercise, sleep, nutrition, stress management, and brain training. Each pillar affects the brain through measurable biological mechanisms. Exercise, for example, increases mitochondrial activity and stimulates the growth of new neurons in regions responsible for memory. Even modest activity matters. Walking several thousand steps daily has been associated with reduced markers of Alzheimer's disease in the brain, while higher fitness levels correlate with stronger cognitive performance. 
Sleep represents the second pillar. Consistent rest of seven to eight hours supports the brain's ability to regulate stress hormones and maintain cognitive clarity. Persistent sleep disruption is often tied not to physiology but to unresolved concerns. Fotuhi notes that many professionals carry a large number of unresolved problems into the night. Creating clear plans for addressing those issues often reduces anxiety enough for normal sleep patterns to return.
Nutrition is the third pillar. Highly processed foods, particularly those containing trans fats, increase inflammation and are associated with smaller volumes in the hippocampus, the region of the brain responsible for memory. By contrast, a Mediterranean-style diet rich in fruits, vegetables, fish, and olive oil supports long-term brain health. Food, in this sense, functions as daily neurological input rather than simple fuel. 
The fourth pillar is stress regulation. Chronic stress elevates cortisol, which can damage memory-related brain structures over time. Fotuhi emphasizes that much stress is generated internally through expectations and repeated negative thought patterns. Techniques such as cognitive behavioral therapy, meditation, and deliberate reframing help interrupt these cycles and allow the brain to operate in a more stable state. 
The final pillar is brain training. Cognitive capacity strengthens when the brain is consistently challenged through activities that require learning and adaptation. Language study, music, strategic games, or complex physical skills all stimulate neural pathways. The key is sustained engagement in activities that are both demanding and enjoyable. The brain, like muscle, develops strength through repeated use.
Underlying these pillars is a broader insight about aging itself. Fotuhi argues that the second half of life can be a period of cognitive growth rather than decline if individuals adopt the habits that support brain health. The goal is not merely to avoid disease but to maintain clarity, memory, and mental energy well into later decades.
For senior professionals whose performance depends on sustained cognitive capacity, the implications are practical. The brain remains highly adaptable. With deliberate attention to exercise, sleep, diet, stress, and learning, cognitive capability can be preserved and, in many cases, strengthened over time.
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Nidhi Tewari, a highly sought after wellbeing and work culture speaker who applies her experience as a licensed therapist to the work world, has spent more than a decade advising high-performing leaders on burnout, trauma, communication, and work culture. In this conversation, she brings a clinician's precision to a topic many organizations still treat superficially: why capable professionals disengage, shut down, or burn out and what leaders can do differently.
Tewari's perspective is grounded in personal experience. After burning out multiple times and experiencing the sudden loss of her best friend, she recognized that burnout is not only psychological but physiological. Elevated stress markers, chronic exhaustion, and a dysregulated nervous system are not signs of weakness; they are signals. The first insight is simple but often ignored: professionals override subtle cues from their mind and body until the body forces a reset. Sustainable performance requires noticing those cues early.
Second, she explains how nervous system regulation shapes leadership behavior. Many high achievers operate in a chronic stress state, alternating between hyper-vigilance and shutdown. Tewari introduces a practical framework, RESET: recognize reactions, identify emotions, soothe the body, explore the root, and tell the story safely, to move from reactivity to deliberate response. Techniques such as 4-7-8 breathing are not wellness trends; they are tools to regain cognitive control before making consequential decisions.
Third, she addresses trauma directly. Workplace dysfunction, toxic leadership, and persistent undermining can create patterns that resemble clinical trauma. Drawing on her specialization in EMDR therapy, she explains how unresolved experiences shape beliefs such as "it's my fault" or "I'm not good enough," which then influence professional conduct. Processing those beliefs changes not only emotional resilience but executive presence.
Fourth, Tewari reframes burnout as a systems problem. Individual interventions, self-care seminars and boundary workshops, miss the root causes. Isolation, lack of trust, unclear expectations, and the sense that one does not matter are primary drivers. Her research on attuned leadership shows that when leaders respond with moment-to-moment relational awareness, productivity and psychological safety improve. Burnout declines when connection rises.
Fifth, she differentiates emotional intelligence from relational intelligence. The latter includes flexibility, reading cues, self-regulation, and collaboration. In an AI-enabled workplace, these human capabilities become strategic assets. AI can analyze data and refine language, but it cannot read tension in a room, detect subtle distress, or repair a damaged professional relationship. Leaders who master attunement, adjusting tone, pace, and posture to meet the moment, will distinguish themselves.
The discussion closes with a practical lens on communication styles: fixers, avoiders, connectors, and explorers. The explorer—curious, measured, and willing to ask "help me understand more"—creates psychological safety without centering themselves. That shift alone can alter team dynamics.
For senior professionals, the message is direct. Performance is inseparable from physiology. Leadership is inseparable from self-awareness. And sustainable results require disciplined attention to how people feel, not only what they produce.
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Charles Steel reflects on "more than two decades in private equity, banking," combined with "public service roles, including advising Tony Blair," and how these experiences led him to a late but powerful discovery: "the best way to really find purpose in life is to be creative, to make stuff." He explains that "the things I'm writing about now I am only able to write about because of what I spent the last two decades doing," and how this realization became a turning point.
He describes how stepping outside traditional career paths creates "periods where you have perspective," and how "follow your curiosity" eventually brought him back to the ideas that mattered in his youth. He shares that "in the last five years, I feel like I've become a student again" and that this shift awakened a deeper understanding of work, mission, and meaning.
Charles discusses the discipline behind creative work: "writing is not writing. Writing is rewriting," and how the creative act is "one of making mistakes, learning from them, getting better." He also explains the importance of reframing difficulty, saying, "if it was an easy thing to do, then everyone would do it," and why maintaining "a sense of humor" matters when navigating the inevitable "peaks and troughs."
Turning to Elon Musk, Charles argues that Musk is "far more different than most people would imagine." He explains that Musk always says, "when I talk you don't need to read between the lines, just read the lines," and that understanding him requires stepping outside our assumptions: "you have to step out of your shoes and step into his shoes."
Charles outlines Musk's worldview, guided by what Musk calls "a philosophy of curiosity." Musk believes "the universe is the answer," and that progress comes from learning to "ask better questions" so we can "increase our consciousness" as a civilization. Charles describes how Musk's companies, from Tesla to SpaceX to XAI, are designed as "civilizationally positive" efforts to "increase the scope and scale of consciousness."
He explains Musk's use of first-principles thinking: "you need every time to go back to look at your assumptions," then "make a conjecture" and "try and prove that your theory is wrong." This mindset also shapes how Musk builds organizations: through mission, product obsession, and "the rate of innovation," a culture in which people "work extremely hard" because they believe deeply in the purpose.
Charles closes by stressing the importance of alignment and risk-taking: that leaders must understand "your risk tolerance," think in "a range of different outcomes," and recognize that this discipline "really helps you to think about how much risk you're willing to take on for what return."
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Lorraine Marchand, startup CEO, advisor to Johnson & Johnson, member of the Pharmaceutical Advisory Board at Columbia Business School, and faculty at Wharton, discusses how leaders can sustain growth through disciplined experimentation in an era shaped by AI and institutional risk aversion. 
Marchand's perspective is grounded in a career that spans large corporations and entrepreneurial ventures. Early in life, she learned to treat problem solving as an experiment rather than a test of personal worth. That principle later informed her approach to innovation in complex organizations.
Several practical themes emerge from the discussion:
1. Reframe failure as structured learning.
Marchand's operating principle is "try, fail, learn." The key is to set explicit learning objectives before undertaking a new initiative. When leaders define what they intend to learn, not just what they intend to achieve, they reduce fear and increase resilience. This mindset is particularly critical in startups and new ventures, where there is no playbook and early missteps are inevitable.
2. Innovation requires protected investment.
Drawing on research and executive interviews, Marchand highlights the value of disciplined portfolio allocation. A 70/20/10 model—70% core business, 20% adjacent opportunities, 10% new, exploratory ideas—creates room for experimentation without destabilizing the enterprise. The evidence she cites suggests that long-term growth frequently emerges from ideas that initially seemed peripheral.
3. Culture often suppresses experimentation.
Organizations frequently default to "playing it safe." Marchand argues that leaders must explicitly create space for candor and reflection. Her practice of "Fail Free Friday", a structured forum to discuss what is not working without defensiveness, illustrates how small rituals can normalize learning and surface risk before it compounds.
4. AI should assist thinking, not replace it.
Marchand observes both curiosity and fatigue around AI. Students and executives alike risk over-reliance, which can erode depth of analysis. Her discipline is simple: think independently first, then use AI as a research assistant to refine or challenge one's reasoning. Senior leaders remain relevant not by competing with automation, but by asking the right questions, an ability rooted in experience and judgment.
5. Integration of technology requires business judgment.
Technology cannot be bolted onto processes indiscriminately. Leaders must understand workflows deeply enough to decide where automation adds value, where human ingenuity remains essential, and where both are required. This integration demands clarity about the business, not just familiarity with the tool.
6. The "who" and the "how" matter more than the "what."
Late-career reflection led Marchand to conclude that outcomes achieved at the expense of people erode long-term value. Values alignment, integrity, and disciplined focus, often expressed through the willingness to say no, are strategic decisions, not personal preferences.
For senior professionals, the message is direct: sustained growth depends less on bold rhetoric and more on creating disciplined environments where experimentation is safe, technology is used thoughtfully, and people are encouraged to think independently. The capacity to ask better questions, protect time for reflection, and allocate resources to uncertain but promising ideas remains a defining leadership advantage.
Lorraine H. Marchand, an acclaimed author and innovator, is author of the new book NO FEAR, NO FAILURE and a leading consultant and educator on innovation with deep expertise in new product development. She has cofounded multiple start-ups, held senior roles at global companies including Bristol-Myers Squibb, Covance/LabCorp, and IBM, and advises top organizations while teaching at the Wharton School and Yeshiva University.
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